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References and Additional Information

Sacred Cow #1: Lights and Sirens

• Kupas, D. F., MD, EMT-P, FAEMS, FACEP. (2017, May). Lights and Siren Use by Emergency Medical Services (EMS): Above All Do No Harm. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://www.ems.gov/pdf/Lights_and_Sirens_Use_by_EMS_May_2017.pdf
• I., Cash, C., & Fowler, R. L. (2017, February 01). The Case Against EMS Red Lights and Siren Responses. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://www.jems.com/articles/print/volume-42/issue-2/features/the-case-against-ems-red-lights-and-siren-responses.htm
• Friese, G. (2017, September 15). Investigation: Less ambulance siren use won’t impact patient outcomes. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://www.ems1.com/ems-products/ambulance-lights/articles/322740048-Investigation-Less-ambulance-siren-use-wont-impact-patient-outcomes/

Sacred Cow #2: MONA for Chest Pai

• Rezaie, S. (2017, November 05). The Death of MONA in ACS: Parts I – IV. Retrieved October, 2018, from
  • http://rebelem.com/the-death-of-mona-in-acs-part-i-morphine/
  • http://rebelem.com/death-mona-acs-part-ii-oxygen/
  • http://rebelem.com/death-mona-acs-part-iii-nitroglycerin/
  • http://rebelem.com/death-mona-acs-part-iv-aspirin/
• Radecki, R. (2016, August 01). Yes, Let MONA Fade Away. Retrieved October, 2018, from http://www.emlitofnote.com/?p=1242
• Walker, G., MD. (2015, September). Emergentology: Rest in Peace, MONA : Emergency Medicine News. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://journals.lww.com/em-news/Fulltext/2015/09000/Emergentology__Rest_in_Peace,_MONA.8.aspx
• Every time you give oxygen to a normoxic patient I die a little inside.

Sacred Cow #3: ACLS for Cardiac Arrest Care

Epinephrine

• Justin Morgenstern, “Paramedic 2: Epinephrine harms/helps in out of hospital cardiac arrest”, First10EM blog, July 20, 2018. Available at: https://first10em.com/paramedic2/.
• Rezaie, S. (2018, July 29). REBEL Cast Ep56 – PARAMEDIC-2: Time to Abandon Epinephrine in OHCA? Retrieved October, 2018, from http://rebelem.com/rebel-cast-ep56-paramedic-2-time-to-abandon-epinephrine-in-ohca/
• PARAMEDIC-2 Podcast. (2018, July). Retrieved October, 2018, from https://theresusroom.co.uk/adrenaline-in-cardiac-arrest/
• Perkins, G. D., MD. (2018, August 23). A Randomized Trial of Epinephrine in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest | NEJM. Retrieved from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1806842
• Patanwala, A. E., Slack, M. K., Martin, J. R., Basken, R. L., & Nolan, P. E. (2014, July). Effect of epinephrine on survival after cardiac arrest: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24193240

Dextrose

• Walsh, B. (2012, March 20). Dextrose for cardiac arrest. Retrieved October, 2018, from http://doccottlesdesk.blogspot.com/2012/03/dextrose-for-cardiac-arrest.html
• Peng, T. J., Andersen, L. W., Saindon, B. Z., Giberson, T. A., Kim, W. Y., Berg, K., . . . Donnino, M. W. (2015, April 10). The administration of dextrose during in-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with increased mortality and neurologic morbidity. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415309/
• Thomas, S. H., Gough, J. E., Benson, N., Austin, P. E., & Stone, C. K. (1994, November). Accuracy of fingerstick glucose determination in patients receiving CPR. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973887
• Nakakimura, K., Fleischer, J. E., Drummond, J. C., Scheller, M. S., Zornow, M. H., Grafe, M. R., & Shapiro, H. M. (1990, June). Glucose administration before cardiac arrest worsens neurologic outcome in cats. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2350015

Sodium Bicarbonate

• Swaminathan, A., MD. (2018, May 29). Sodium Bicarbonate in Cardiac Arrest Management. Retrieved October, 2018, from http://rebelem.com/sodium-bicarbonate-in-cardiac-arrest-management/
• Liang, S., & Fenwick, R. (n.d.). Bicarbonate In Arrest [Audio blog post]. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://theresusroom.co.uk/bicarbonate-in-arrest/
• Velissaris, D., Karamouzos, V., Pierrakos, C., Koniari, I., Apostolopoulou, C., & Karanikolas, M. (2016). Use of Sodium Bicarbonate in Cardiac Arrest: Current Guidelines and Literature Review. Journal of clinical medicine research, 8(4), 277-83. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780490/
• Swaminathan, A. (2018, May 18). NaHCO3 in Cardiac Arrest. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://coreem.net/journal-reviews/nahco3-in-cardiac-arrest/

ACLS

• SGEM#189: Bring Me To Life in OHCA. (2017, September 24). Retrieved October, 2018, from http://thesgem.com/2017/09/sgem189-bring-me-to-life-in-ohca/
• Newman, D., MD. (2010, August 20). ACLS Medications for Cardiac Arrest – TheNNT. Retrieved October, 2018, from http://www.thennt.com/nnt/acls-medications-for-cardiac-arrest/

Sacred Cow #4: ‘Normal’ F*cking Saline

• Li, H., Sun, S. R., Yap, J. Q., Chen, J. H., & Qian, Q. (2016). 0.9% saline is neither normal nor physiological. Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B, 17(3), 181-7. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794509/
• Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. N. 2018;378(9):829-839. doi: 101056/nejmoa1711584. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1711586#article_Abstract
• Magee, F. (2018, March 07). SALT-EM. Retrieved October, 2018, from http://www.thebottomline.org.uk/summaries/icm/salt-em/
• Hart, L. (2018, April 20). Balanced Solutions vs 0.9% Saline in Critical Care (SMART). Retrieved October, 2018, from https://coreem.net/journal-reviews/smart/
• Semler, M. W., Self, W. H., Wanderer, J. P., Ehrenfeld, J. M., Wang, L., Byrne, D. W., . . . SMART, G. R. (2018, March 01). Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. Retrieved October, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29485925